![bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon](https://0.academia-photos.com/2658944/849483/31654401/s200_adamu.galadima_dagona.jpg)
![bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon](https://media.springernature.com/lw785/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-59745-466-7_30/MediaObjects/978-1-59745-466-7_30_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
Metastasis requires cancer cells to leave the primary tumor and acquire the ability to migrate and invade. Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients. Diagnoses of advanced colon cancer, the paucity of safe chemotherapy drugs, and the lack of effective therapeutic targets are serious obstacles in the treatment of colon cancer. Tumor recurrence after radical surgery is the main obstacle when it comes to improving overall survival. Surgery is the main treatment for colon cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is 50%. About 20% of CRC patients have metastatic disease when first diagnosed, and about 30–50% of patients with primary colon cancer relapse and die from metastatic cancer. We recommend using our signature as a molecular prognostic classifier to assess the prognostic risk of patients with COAD.Ĭolorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with more than 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million related deaths predicted by 2030. Further, the TIMP1 and CXCL13 proteins were significantly related to the tumor immune infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Tumor immune infiltration analysis results showed that TSPAN11, GPRC5B, TIMP1, and CXCL13 protein levels were significantly positively correlated with CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
![bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon bioedit alpha consensus symbols colon](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jiaying-Guo-3/publication/331475365/figure/fig3/AS:921455491563521@1596703517114/D-structural-model-of-HfCL-a-The-homology-model-of-HfCL-obtained-from-human-cathepsin-L_Q320.jpg)
Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to validate protein expression. Pan-cancer expression analysis results showed that ITLN1, TSPAN11, CXCL13, and GPRC5B were downregulated and TIMP1 was upregulated in most tumor samples, including COAD, which was consistent with the results of the TCGA and GEO cohorts. Compared with other published signatures, our model showed better performance in predicting outcomes. The signature showed strong robustness and could be used in the training, testing, and external validation (GSE17537) cohorts with stable predictive efficiency. A 6-gene signature ( ITLN1, HOXD9, TSPAN11, GPRC5B, TIMP1, and CXCL13) was constructed via Lasso-Cox analysis. A total of 983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the different subtypes by using the limma package. Three molecular subtypes (C1, C2, and C3) were obtained based on 97 metastasis-related genes in 365 COAD samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). This study aimed to identify invasion-related genetic markers for prognosis prediction in patients with COAD. The overall survival of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains poor, so it is important to explore the mechanisms of metastasis and invasion.